Pandas replace nan with string Here’s an example: You can replace this just for that column using replace: df['workclass']. Pandas version of where keeps the value of the first arg(in this case data=='-'), and replace anything else with the second arg (in this case None). Pandas read_csv has a list of values that it looks for and automatically casts to NaN when parsing the data (see the documentation of read_csv for the list). to_pandas() #convert pyspark pandas DF to pandas DF data. replace()函数将NaN替换为空字符串。这个函数将替换一个空字符串，以取代NaN值。 Jun 19, 2023 · How to Replace a String Value with NaN in Pandas Data Frame - Python. This method is used to replace all NAN values in a DataFrame with an empty string. replace ( r'^\s*$' , np. Jun 19, 2023 · Replacing None with NaN using the replace() method. replace('None', np. NaN, inplace=True) Jan 4, 2019 · df = df. Replacing NaN with blank/empty string. where(data=='-', None) will replace anything that is NOT EQUAL to '-' with None. I want to replace blank values with NaN. In my situation, the culprit was np. Understanding NA/NaN. Applying string functions to elements that can be NaN. This is better: df. I managed to get pandas to read "nan" as a string, but I can't figure out how to get it not to read an empty value as NaN. replace()? The replace() method in Pandas is used to replace a string, regex, list, dictionary, series, number, etc. Nov 19, 2024 · Use fillna('') to replace NaN values with an empty string in a DataFrame or Series. Aug 12, 2024 · The dataframe. 5. Is there a better way? Sep 20, 2023 · In the first step you will replace the None with a string 'None', then in the second step you will fill NaN with the string 'x'. To replace the Nan values with blank strings, we will use dataframe. Dec 31, 2018 · Pandas replace NaN value by string under conditions. DataFrame because of which you can see that difference. does not replace; no errors whatsoever). I've also tried: df[['x', 'y', 'z']]. n int Dec 24, 2020 · I am trying to remove the comma separator from values in a dataframe in Pandas to enable me to convert the to Integers. csv” file and create a DataFrame named “nba” containing the data from the CSV file, which is then displayed using the nba variable. replace (r'^s*$', np. Raises: AssertionError May 27, 2017 · I have a pandas dataFrame of mixed types, some are strings and some are numbers. nan], [None]) Aug 2, 2023 · In pandas, a missing value (NA: not available) is mainly represented by nan (not a number). replace() or re. mean() Whether to interpret to_replace and/or value as regular expressions. nan,4], 'col3': [np. missing. String can be a character sequence or regular expression. 0f}'. data=data. pandas: Replace NaN (missing values) with fillna() Inplace operation. To avoid that, use this syntax instead: Jan 17, 2021 · How to Add an Empty Column to a Pandas DataFrame; How to Replace NaN Values with Zero in Pandas; How to Use Pandas fillna() to Replace NaN Values; Pandas: How to Fill NaN Values with Median (3 Examples) Pandas: How to Use dropna() with Specific Columns; Pandas: How to Replace NaN Values with String Oct 2, 2023 · The widely used relational database management system is known as MysqlDB. replace() method across seven different examples, ranging from basic to advanced usage. nan as the value to replace it with. replace([np. nan,4]}) print (df) col1 col2 col3 col4 0 NaN 1. fillna:. It's hard (for me) to see exactly what's going on under the hood, but I suspect this might be true for other Numpy array methods that have mixed types. replace("", np. nan, regex= True) The following example shows how to use this syntax in practice. Jul 17, 2018 · First of all, df['value']. Jul 11, 2024 · The replace() method in pandas is used to replace a value with another value. None is also considered a missing value. It can handle single values, lists, or dictionaries, making it very flexible for various use cases: # Replace multiple values at once df. df = df. ID col1 col2 col3 col4 1 Apple nan nan nan 2 None orange None nan 3 None nan banana nan Oct 9, 2024 · To replace NaN values, use DataFrame. The column is an object datatype. nan , regex= True ) The following example shows how to use this syntax in practice. import pandas as pd import numpy as np # Sample DataFrame with blank spaces data = {'Column1': ['A', ' ', 'C', 'D'], 'Column2': ['10', '20', ' ', '40']} df = pd. If the NaN are also identified as None try: import numpy as np df = df. Solution 3: Utilizing replace with inplace. We can replace a string value with NaN in Pandas data frame using the replace() method. This is: df['nr_items'] If you want to replace the NaN values of your column df['nr_items'] with the mean of the column: Use method . Basic NaN Nov 6, 2024 · Setting errors='coerce' will turn any string that cannot be converted into a number into NaN, thereby correcting the dtype to float. Kindly check the type of your variable by type(df). replace({np. n int, default -1 (all) Number of replacements to make from start. NA or NaN values are placeholders used in Pandas DataFrames to represent missing or undefined data. method {‘pad’, ‘ffill’, ‘bfill’} The method to use when for replacement, when to_replace is a scalar, list or tuple and value Sep 10, 2015 · How to replace string in pandas data frame to NaN? Hot Network Questions Nov 9, 2015 · df. nan, 'ZZZ', regex=True) Share >>> df[df. nan() for the value argument. 0. This argument tells replace to not return anything but instead modify the original dataframe as it is. g. replace({2: 200, 3: 300}, inplace=True) print(df) How to replace string in python DataFrame? To replace string values, you use the There are two NaN values in the age column, and they are highlighted in red color, as per the image below: Method 1: Replace NaN Values with String in Entire DataFrame. 4, this changes the dtype of all affected columns to object. we can also use fillna () directly without specifying columns. The replace() method takes a dictionary of values to be replaced as keys and their corresponding replacement values as values. 0) versions of pandas will display a warning. df1. fillna() method takes a value argument that is used to fill the holes. to_string( formatters to define custom string-formatting, without needlessly modifying your DataFrame or wasting memory: df = pd. I would like to read an excel file and write a specific sheet to Nov 21, 2016 · I have a pandas dataframe (that was created by importing a csv file). fillna(0,inplace=True) Now Rest of the Not Nan Part will be Replace by 1 by below code Mar 29, 2020 · All values that are 0 or 1 will be replaced with the string "na". Replace empty string with with np. When replacing the empty string with np. To replace NaN with an empty string, you can use: import numpy as np. replacing NaN values in dataframe with pandas. e. Fortunately, pandas provides a simple way to replace empty strings with NaN values using the replace() method. nan). 2 Hello, I have a quite simple requirement. Equivalent to str. nan, None) TypeError: cannot replace [nan] with method pad on a DataFrame I used to have a DataFrame with only string values, so I could do: >>> df[df == ""] = None which worked. The numpy. nan and then replace the latter with None: import numpy as np df = df. Here's sample data and output Dec 14, 2018 · I have pandas DF in which i need to iterate through values from two columns (location and Event) and replace the strings "Gate-3" "NO Access" with NaN. replace() function in Pandas can be defined as a simple method used to replace a string, regex, list, dictionary, etc. fillna(np. nan) Mar 22, 2019 · Now, I use pd. Alternatively, this could be a regular expression or a list, dict, or array of regular expressions in which case to_replace must be None. Example 1: Mar 3, 2022 · You can use the following syntax to replace empty strings with NaN values in pandas: df = df. method {‘pad’, ‘ffill’, ‘bfill’} The method to use when for replacement, when to_replace is a scalar, list or tuple and value The deep understanding is because: Categoricals can only take on only a limited, and usually fixed, number of possible values (categories). By default, replace() returns a new DataFrame with the replaced values. method {‘pad’, ‘ffill’, ‘bfill’} The method to use when for replacement, when to_replace is a scalar, list or tuple and value Sep 19, 2019 · I have a dataframe (df) that looks like:DATES 0 NaT 1 01/08/2003 2 NaT 3 NaT 4 04/08/2003 5 NaT 6 30/06/2003 7 01/03/2004 8 18/05/2003 9 NaT 10 NaT 11 31/10/2003 12 NaT 13 NaT Aug 5, 2021 · You can use the fillna() function to replace NaN values in a pandas DataFrame. method: {‘pad’, ‘ffill’, ‘bfill’, None} The method to use when for replacement, when to_replace is a scalar, list or tuple and value is None. nan,'b','c','d'], 'col4': [1,2,np. fillna (df[' col1 ']. nan, 3], 'B': ['a', np. isnull(value): return '' else: return value Mar 23, 2014 · It method performs just as fast as the str. ', and the NAN values in float columns by 0. creating my own def function, etc. read_csv(). number). nan but got 'NaN' 2. When working with pandas DataFrames, you often encounter NaN (Not a Number) values that need to be replaced with empty strings for various reasons, such as data cleaning or preparing data for export. Replace occurrences of pattern/regex/string with some other string or the return value of a callable given the occurrence. fillna (0) #replace NaN values in all columns df = df Nov 16, 2017 · I tried converting to string with astype(str), but then I run into the problem that missing values, identified as nans, are converted into the string 'nan' - so SQL does not see them as nulls but as the string 'nan'. org Apr 23, 2023 · We can replace the NaN with an empty string using df. DataFrame(data) # Replace blank spaces with NaN using regular expression df = df. replace (np. replace is that it can replace values in multiple columns in one call. This function will replace an empty string inplace of the NaN value. I have multiple dataframes which I want to merge based on a string representation of several "integer" columns. csv",dtype=s Feb 2, 2023 · You can replace NaN with Blank/Empty cells using either fillna() or replace() in Python. I'd like to replace them with NaN using np. replace([0, 1], np. Aug 22, 2017 · Replace a string value with NaN in pandas data frame - Python. I would like to replace the NAN values in string columns by '. nan: None}) Note: For pandas versions <1. I googled it and it also related nan inside a pandas dataframe instead of numpy array. 'Column2': ['A', np. x and the pandas library. Explicitly define a list of values that should be cast to NaN. random. Say your DataFrame is df and you have one column called nr_items. The string "nan" is a possible value, as is an empty string. YourColumnName. select_dtypes(np. I have the following "TL" column in a pandas dataframe: ID TL 1 alfdjalk 2 jafd;jsa 3 4 5 ajf;dlka;fd 6 ajdf;k Right now the TL has dtype of object. DataFrame(np. Setting the inplace argument to True modifies the original DataFrame. Axis along which to fill missing values. Some of these blank values are empty and some contain a (variable number) of spaces '', ' ', ' ', etc. df. In this guide, we'll explore how to replace NaN values in a NumPy array with a string. nan, 1, np. read_csv will consider that a na_value , along with many other forms of that string, so it should get converted to NaN upon read if you're parsing a file. Apr 11, 2024 · The pandas. Mar 29, 2022 · 4 Methods to replace NAN with an empty string. replace() method in Pandas is a simple method that takes two parameters, first is the value of the string, list, dictionary, etc Oct 31, 2021 · I'm looking to search through specific columns x,y,z and replace the 'nan' with proper NaN. The Pandas DataFrame. 0 b 2. Replacing NaN Values. Using the suggestion from this thread I have . OK I figured out your problem, by default if you don't pass a separator character then read_csv will use commas ',' as the separator. 0. Series Dec 1, 2022 · You can use the following basic syntax to replace NaN values with None in a pandas DataFrame:. Let’s now learn how to replace NaN values with empty strings across an entire dataframe in Pandas. fillna() function to replace NaN with empty/bank. Determines if replace is case Feb 1, 2024 · Replace NaN with a common value; Replace NaN with different values for each column; Replace NaN with mean, median, or mode for each column; Replace NaN with adjacent values: ffill(), bfill() The method argument in fillna() Modify the original object: inplace; fillna(), ffill(), and bfill() on pandas. pandas dataframe replace blanks with NaN. fillna(' ') Method 2: df. Example 1: String S = "akash loves gfg" here: 'g' comes: 2 times 's' comes: 2 times 'a' comes: 2 times 'h' comes: 1 time 'o' comes: 1 tim Jan 17, 2024 · For information on replacing specific values or replacing and deleting missing values NaN, see the following articles. replace(',','') However this seems to be returning NaN values for some numbers which did not originally contain ',' in their values. columns, 0 Feb 20, 2024 · In this tutorial, we’ll explore how to replace NA/NaN values with zeros in a DataFrame using Pandas. This article provides step-by-step instructions and code examples to help you efficiently handle missing data in your dataframes. nan,regex=True). method {‘pad’, ‘ffill’, ‘bfill’} The method to use when for replacement, when to_replace is a scalar, list or tuple and value I want to replace python None with pandas NaN. How to replace NAN values based on the values in another column in pandas. choice(string. 16. nan, regex=True, inplace = True) Feb 19, 2020 · force pandas to read nan as string. We'll cover essential concepts, provide illustrative examples, and walk through the steps needed regex bool or same types as to_replace, default False. fromkeys(df. Replace Values in a Specific Column. Apr 26, 2022 · How to replace nan in numpy array into blank or empty string. FutureWarning: Downcasting behavior in replace is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. I have seen questions where the instances of <NA> can be replaced when using pd. nan, regex= True) pandas for data manipulation and analysis. This guide will show you different methods to replace NaN values with blank or empty strings in pandas. io. nan, ' ', regex=True) Example 1: single column The following uses fillna() to replace NaN with empty cells in a single In pandas, missing values are represented by NaN (Not a Number). replace() method can be used to replace a string, values, and even regular expressions (regex) in your DataFrame. Aug 24, 2020 · You can create dictionary by columns names with values for replace missing values and pass to DataFrame. The goal of NA is provide a “missing” indicator that can be used consistently across data types (instead of np. replace value to NaN based on Jun 1, 2022 · You can use the following syntax to replace NaN values in a column of a pandas DataFrame with the mode value of the column: df[' col1 '] = df[' col1 ']. replace(np. Are you having some function return 'NA' in some instances? pd. Your data and in particular one example where you have a Jul 8, 2015 · For those who are trying to replace None, and not just np. replace works only for pandas dataframe. NaN, inplace = True) # replace empty string to NaN Sep 27, 2021 · Some columns in my DataFrame have instances of <NA> which are of type pandas. One common issue in datasets is empty string values, which can create problems when manipulating data. NAType. nan, 'C']} # Replace NaN with an empty string . However, as @anky_91 pointed out, you can also replace your specified values with np. DataFrame({ 'A': ['a', 'b', 'c'], 'B': [np. However, the advantage of this method over str. Nov 19, 2024 · By using replace() or fillna() methods you can replace NaN values with Blank/Empty string in Pandas DataFrame. Object after replacement. Replace NaN with a blank string in specific columns by selecting them before applying fillna(). 2. # Create a sample DataFrame with NaN values . numpy for numerical Dec 21, 2016 · Pandas Replace NaN with blank/empty string. fillna(): mean_value=df['nr_items']. where. However the list is represented as a str and doesn't allow me to properly apply the len() function. The callable is passed the regex match object and must return a replacement string to be used. 20. I've managed to do this with individual columns: df['x']. replace(r'\s+( +\. nan, inplace=True) returns None because you're calling the method with the inplace=True argument. Sep 19, 2023 · Given a Pandas DataFrame, we have to replace NaN with blank/empty string. pandas: Replace values in DataFrame and Series with replace() pandas: Replace NaN (missing values) with fillna() pandas: Remove NaN (missing values) with dropna() The pandas and NumPy versions used in this article are as follows. only remove if string ends with suffix. nan, recent (2024, pandas >= 2. format(x)}) See full list on statology. _libs. , from a DataFrame. See re. 7. sub(), depending on the regex value. Nov 10, 2014 · Just use the df. nan. NaN) UPDATE. If this is True then to_replace must be a string. After your replacement, you can identify your NaN values just like the once in the float typed columns. Parameters: pat str or compiled regex. case bool, default None. is there anyway to replac Aug 12, 2016 · Is there a way to replace all of those with empty string "" or nan so they do not show up when I export the dataframe as excel sheet? Simplified Example: Note: nan in col4 are not strings . replace('nan', np. Feb 18, 2025 · You can check if the value is NaN and replace it with an empty string: import pandas as pd import numpy as np # Sample DataFrame df = pd. apply(lambda x: x if x is not None else default_value) here is a nice one-liner Feb 7, 2013 · Python version: Python 2. read_csv("test-2019. replace method (because both are syntactic sugar for a Python loop). nan) But I got: TypeError: 'regex' must be a string or a compiled regular expression or a list or dict of strings or regular expressions, you passed a 'bool' How should I go about it? 使用replace()将NaN替换成空字符串. Replacing nan AND blanks in python, NOT replacing nan WITH blanks. Hot Network Questions Oct 3, 2024 · NaN with Blank/Empty String. . Feb 18, 2025 · Pandas provides several methods to replace NaN values with blank strings: Using fillna () The fillna() method is a versatile tool for replacing missing values. We can pass the dictionary with the string value and NaN to axis {0 or ‘index’} for Series, {0 or ‘index’, 1 or ‘columns’} for DataFrame. repeat(3 you can use replace function to replace string and coming to find nan value np. In case you want to replace values in a specific column of pandas DataFrame, first, select the column you want to update values and use the replace() method to replace its value with another value. nan)) More docs on: Replacing blank values (white space) with NaN in pandas Aug 23, 2017 · I'm trying to replace some NaN values in my data with an empty list []. nan, None) This function is particularly useful when you need to export a pandas DataFrame to a database that uses None to represent missing values instead of NaN. fillna (0) #replace NaN values in multiple columns df[[' col1 ', ' col2 ']] = df[[' col1 ', ' col2 ']]. json_normalize. 3. replace () function. nan], 'C': ['read', 'unread', 'read']}) print df. This method is ideal when you want to replace all missing or May 7, 2017 · I'm using the pandas library to read in some CSV data. Aug 21, 2024 · Pandas: How to Replace NaN Values with String Example 1: Replacing NaN values with a Static value Before Replacing In this example, we are using pandas library to import the “nba. replace(to_replace=None, value=np. mode ()[0]) The following example shows how to use this syntax in practice. nan, 'c']}) # Define a function to replace NaN with an empty string def replace_nan_with_empty_string (value): if pd. I am trying to replace certain strings in a column in pandas, but am getting NaN for some rows. If you don't want to change the type of the column, then another alternative is to to replace all missing values (pd. nan value nor: >>> df. in a DataFrame. pandas. nan,' ', regex=True) Whole dataframe: Method 1: df. To directly replace values within the original DataFrame without creating a copy, you can use the inplace parameter: Feb 20, 2024 · This tutorial will guide you through using the DataFrame. When to Use DataFrame. The inplace=True parameter in fillna() allows modifying the DataFrame without creating a new copy. DataFrame({'A': [1, np. There's no reason why 'NA' should be stored as a string instead of a null-recognized value. removeprefix() Remove prefix from string i. I tried: x. removesuffix() Remove suffix from string i. NaN) But I'm wondering if there is a more efficient way to do this, e. When the data types of the two return elements are different, then your np. this below line will change your column to 0 . Replace NaN values with zeros for a column using NumPy replace() Syntax to replace NaN values with zeros of a single column in Pandas dataframe using replace() function is as follows: axis {0 or ‘index’} for Series, {0 or ‘index’, 1 or ‘columns’} for DataFrame. How to Replace All the "nan" Strings with Empty String in My DataFrame? 4. How to convert a column with missing values to string? 1. This probably what you are actually looking for. I've tried replacing with another string and it does not work either. Working with missing data — pandas 2. 0 d 4. Apr 18, 2022 · Both other answers do not take in account all characters in a string. The only solution I have found is to first convert to str then replace 'nan' with numpy. NaT depending on the data type). We can use None as the value to replace and np. replace(regex=r'\D+', value='') Mar 2, 2023 · In this post, you’ll learn how to use the Pandas . isnull(x) else '{:. Before diving into the practical aspects, it’s essential to understand what NA/NaN values are. random_integers(10,size=(6,2)), columns=['Measure1','Measure2']) df = pdn. NaN will be converted to a nan. In my data, certain columns contain strings. In this article, I will explain the replacing blank values or empty strings with NaN in a pandas DataFrame and select columns by using either replace(), apply(), or mask() functions. nan,'b','c','d'], 'col2': [1,2,np. Jan 30, 2017 · Provide datatypes to pandas for columns whose datatypes are not inferred properly. Single Column: Method 1: df[‘Column_name’]. Replacement string or a callable. 0 d = {**dict. replace(r'^\s+$', np. Dec 4, 2018 · I have a list of NaN values in my dataframe and I want to replace NaN values with an empty string. What I've tried so far, which isn't working: df_conbid_N_1 = pd. To replace missing values NaN, you can use the fillna() method. Output: The fillna () is used to replace multiple columns of NaN values with an empty string. The dataframe. You can extend Dec 6, 2023 · Learn how to replace NaN values in a pandas dataframe column that is of string type using Python 3. ascii_letters) for i in range(3)]) for j in range (6)], columns =['Country Name']) measures = pd. replace('?', np. read_sql to get the dataframe, need to replace value null to NaN or NaT when key named *time,then we can use pd. 13 :: Anaconda custom (64-bit) Pandas version: pandas 0. This is actually inaccurate. Using df. repl str or callable. NaN) or for the whole df: df. df= pd. to_string( formatters={'B': lambda x: '' if pd. However, when one of those integer columns has a np. nan property returns a floating-point representation of Not a Number (NaN). Nov 28, 2024 · In pandas, you can replace blank values (empty strings) with NaN using the replace() method. 0", which throws off the merge. I want all rows with 'n' in the string replaced with 'N' and and all rows with 's' in the string replaced with 'S'. The MysqlDB doesn't understand and accept the value of 'Nan', thus there is a need to convert the 'Nan' value coming from Pandas or Numpy to 'None'. sub(). The first method is to replace all NaN values in the entire DataFrame with a string using the . The replace() method replaces a specified value with another value in a DataFrame. The blanks are empty strings. In this article, we will see how we can replace Pandas or Numpy 'Nan' with a 'None'. Returns: Series/DataFrame. For details, see the following article. 1. replace('',np. This function uses the following basic syntax: #replace NaN values in one column df[' col1 '] = df[' col1 ']. 0 1 b 2. Jan 22, 2014 · I have a problem with this too. 0 NaN 1. Feb 5, 2024 · However, when NaN (not a number) values appear in your data, you might need to replace them with a specific string for better clarity and downstream processing. nan, the string casting produces a ". We used numpy. only remove if string starts with prefix. nan, None or pd. fillna(' ') Method 2: df[‘Column_name’]. It can be a pyspark. merge(measures, how= 'inner', left Starting from pandas 1. In contrast to statistical categorical variables, a Categorical might have an order, but numerical operations (additions, divisions, …) are not possible. 我们可以使用df. nan will find the nan value and replace with ZZZ import numpy as np df = df. replace() method to replace data in your DataFrame. nan (which is covered in here) default_value = "" df. This is quite easy to do. Oct 29, 2017 · import pandas as pd import random import string import numpy as np pdn = pd. 2. For a dataframe of string values, one can use: df = df. Replacing NaN with None in Pandas Mar 21, 2024 · Let's create a program in python which will replace the white spaces in a string with the character that occurs in the string very least using the Pandas library. str. nan: 'x'}) followed by Replacing Pandas or Numpy Nan with a None to use with MysqlDB May 31, 2016 · Here i will give a suggestion to take a particular column and if the rows in that column is NaN replace it by 0 or values are there in that column replace it as 1. )|#',np. json. I have been using the following method: df_orders['qty'] = df_orders['qty']. repeat() Duplicate values (s. How to replace value null in dataframe JSON string column to NaN or NaT? Nov 5, 2023 · You can use the following syntax to replace empty strings with NaN values in pandas: df = df. fillna() method. Whether to interpret to_replace and/or value as regular expressions. nan,’ ‘, regex=true) method. 0 2 c NaN c NaN 3 d 4. 3 documentation Missing val Dec 23, 2018 · Pandas Replace NaN with blank/empty string. below is the example DF. The aim is to replace a string anywhere in the dataframe with an nan, however this does not seem to work (i. frame. 9. 0, an experimental NA value (singleton) is available to represent scalar missing values. Sep 25, 2018 · replace NAN or blank with string pandas dataframe. Sep 9, 2013 · Pandas: How to replace NaN (nan) values with the average (mean), median or other statistics of one column. join([random. NaT) first with np. Pandas - replacing NaN values. 7. DataFrame. isnull()] = None TypeError: Cannot do inplace boolean setting on mixed-types with a non np. For Series this parameter is unused and defaults to 0. replace() method. The following code works, data = data. NaN stands for Not A Nuber and is one of the common ways to represent the missing data value in Python/Pandas DataFrame. Another way to replace None with NaN in a Pandas DataFrame is to use the replace() method. DataFrame(["". Replacing values in a string with NaN. replace(r'\s+', np. In other words, I am trying to capitalize the string when it appears. May 27, 2020 · How to replace NaN with a string value in pandas. This could be in a single column or the Jan 17, 2024 · Replace missing values NaN. axis {0 or ‘index’} for Series, {0 or ‘index’, 1 or ‘columns’} for DataFrame. DataFrame(data={'col1': [np. ydqeo epilz nur bkbc mghfx djywe gdux dwedxo meiyqs aivbk ftcq eho vghvz hei tewhbh